The Stuart dynasty, which followed the Tudors, started when James VI of Scotland (the son of Mary, Queen of Scots) united the Scottish and English thrones and became James I of England from 1603 to 1625. His son, Charles I (reigned 1625-49) was beheaded following the civil war, leading to the republican Commonwealth (1649-53) and Oliver Cromwell's rule as Lord Protector (1653-58). The monarchy, and the Stuart dynasty, was restored with Charles II (1660-85), James II (1685-88) and William III and Mary II (1688-1702).

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The Georgian Era