Women then

Henry VIII's wives were powerful women in their own right, but this did not prevent their behaviour being bound by the mores and movements of the day. Women were very much second-class subjects of the crown. Wife-beating was seen as a man’s right.

In an age when a misogynistic Church and religion was central to society, women were seen as the authors of original sin, tempting men away from God. It was accepted that women were created to obey first their parents and then their husbands, and bear children. As with fundamentalist religions today, married women were supposed to hide their hair, which was seen as revealing too much of their sexual attraction. Dresses stretched to the floor to conceal the woman’s legs. The sacrament of marriage made the 'damnable act' of sex pure. With this consummation, a marriage would be completed. Without it the union would be void.

Education for common people was cursory and for women it was usually seen as pointless. For some the thirst for writing found release in love letters, even touching on the monarchy. Neither Jane Seymour or Catherine Howard had had much education at the time of their marriage to Henry.

For most girls any education they did receive was directed at how to be a good wife: religion, duties to their husband, looking after the house, sewing, a knowledge of herbs and plants for healing and food.

Marriage – which was generally at about 14, but for which there was no legal age – was usually arranged for a woman. Life expectancy for both men and women was around 30 years.

Noble, upper class and royal families arranged unions to create or maintain alliances of power. No family wanted to ally with one beneath their status, so there followed a lengthy negotiation, much intrigue and in-depth investigation. The couple would frequently not meet until their wedding.

Treaties provided betrothal contracts between royal households of different countries, while for other nobles formal agreements were the norm. A dowry of valuable items, such as money or jewels, would be agreed for transfer to the husband’s family. Property rights of women at all levels of society were extremely restricted, with most entitlements falling to their husbands.

Descriptions from ambassadors and painted portraits were often the only likenesses available to kings deciding upon a marriage, resulting in disaster for Anne of Cleves whom Henry liked on canvas but detested in the flesh.

No matter how well educated or powerful, from queen downward, a woman’s main purpose was to produce a son to assure her husband’s family line would continue. Deaths of mothers and their born and unborn babies were commonplace in the face of unhygienic conditions and physicians' limited medical knowledge. Most children died before reaching adulthood.

Women now

The position of women today may be vastly different, but in positions of power there is still often a sense that relationships are formed to further political or economic interests or to maintain or raise status.

In America, the relationship of former president Bill Clinton and his wife Hillary was regarded by many as a marriage of power, a view given extra credence when she remained loyal after his liaison with Monica Lewinsky.

In England, Prince Charles’ marriage to Diana was steeped in protocol, right from the moment when they first announced their intention to marry and checks had to be made into her sexual past.

Parallels can easily be drawn between Henry VIII’s complex love life and the confusion surrounding the future of Charles’s relationship with Camilla and its ramifications for the throne. Is he allowed to marry her or not?

Freedoms and rights of people in 21st-century society to act as they please and meet other cultures and classes without fear of arbitrary attack are way beyond what could have been imagined in Tudor England. Health and standards of living have also improved immeasurably, with the average life expectancy now well over 70.

It is nevertheless remarkable that despite legal and constitutional leaps, much of society remains within self-set bounds. Very few people marry out of their own social group, royals seldom wed commoners, economic, military and political power is still restricted to a mainly male elite forming just a few percent of the population and many men still inflict routine violence on their wives.

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