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2 September 31 BC
Antony and Cleopatra defeated
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Mark Antony, who has ruled the eastern empire since 40 BC, is defeated
at the naval battle of Actium. His involvement with Cleopatra,
the queen of Egypt, has offended the people of Rome, who are suspicious
of the couple's ambitions for monarchical power. Antony has also not endeared
himself to his one-time ally, Octavian, whose sister he married and then
abandoned for Cleopatra, by whom he has had twins. Octavian sails east,
where his forces score a decisive victory; Antony and Cleopatra flee.
Antony, thinking Cleopatra dead, commits suicide at Alexandria soon afterwards,
while Cleopatra does the same the following year after apparently failing
to seduce Octavian.
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